2011/11/13

近日購書

到上海三個月來,原本是為了司法考試,所以除了司考資料外沒帶太多書過來。司考結束後,帶來的三本書也看完了,因此最近又新買了一批書,仍以英文小說和法律書為主。

A Short History of Nearly Everything

Bill Bryson 的《A Short History of Nearly Everything》。說實在的,對此人沒什麼認識,但感覺好像也是頗有聲譽地位的科普作者,所以想看看他作品。

Night Shift

Steven King 的《Night Shift》。King 早期的短篇小說選。難得在上海買本正版書。

ADanceWithDragons

George R. R. Martin 的《A Dance With Dragons》。《冰與火之歌》系列第五集,正版的大眾平裝本還沒出,先買本盜版書充充飢,一睹為快。原本賣 45 RMB,好說歹說殺到 25 RMB,看在份量上他一本可以抵三本小說,而且難得是為年輕人在賣,就沒再殺價下去了。

For Whom the Bell Tolls

The Great Gatsby

Ernest Hemingway 的《For Whom the Bell Tolls》和 F. Scott Fitzgerald的《The Great Gatesby》。這兩本是看了 Woody Allen 最新電影《午夜巴黎》關係,想找這兩人作品來看看。

Midnight in Paris

The Catcher in the Rye

J. D. Salinger 的《The Catcher in the Rye》。聞名已久,一直沒有機會看,這次希望可以好好看看這本影響許多美國人對生命觀點的小說。

规训与惩罚

福柯的《規訓與懲罰》。這本利用上班空檔時看完的,簡單來說這本書從學校、醫院、軍隊、監獄的設計,發現權力階級為維繫權力地位,不受平民政治削弱手中權力,對平民的權力操作,由過去的單一的、個體的、威嚇的、有形的肉刑,轉變為精緻的、神秘的、隔離的、抽象的規訓,訓練平民們自動的順服。

法律人的思维方式

陳瑞華的《法律人的思維方式》。這本書很可惜,提出各種刑事訴訟很實際的解決方案,但就是不提「司法獨立」,感覺像是故意不提,原因可能很複雜,為了生計、為了生存或為了繼續對中國的法制建設擁有影響力等等,但也因為這樣使這本書失去應有的光彩。

北大评案·法律思维 

北大法學院編的《北大評案,法律思維》。難得一見,由北大法學院教授針對社會上實際發生的案例和立法提供不同角度的解析,很具有個人色彩,很不錯的一本案例評論專輯。

合同法理论新作集

Peter Benson 編的《The Theory of Contract Law New Essays》。一本有關普通法中合同法理論的英文論文選,為了訓練自己閱讀英文法律專著買來看的。

民法债编总论

孫森淼的《民法債編總論》。台大教授有關台灣民法債編的教科書,簡體版比繁體版價錢便宜多了。

民法的人文精神

徐國棟的《民法的人文精神》。這系列的法學家演講集很不錯看,因為從演講中可以在很短的時間和篇幅中吸收到一位學者長時間的研究心得和觀點。這是看這系列的第三本了。

2011/08/03

勵志短語(三)

"When you realize that prosperity is your divine heritage, you should persist in claiming it." - Catherine Ponder: Author of books in the prosperity field

"If one advances confidently in the direction of one's dreams, and endeavors to live the life which one has imagined, one will meet with a success unexpected in common hours." - Henry David Thoreau

"Your beliefs become your thoughts, Your thoughts become your words, Your words become your actions, Your actions become your habits, Your habits become your values, Your values become your destiny." - Mohandas K. Gandhi

"The road to success and the road to happiness are two lanes of the same highway. And the toll you must pay is simply being true to yourself." - Author Unknown

"Each indecision brings its own delays and days are lost lamenting over lost days. What you can do or think you can do, begin it. For boldness has magic, power, and genius in it." - Johann Wolfgang von Goethe - 1749-1832, Poet, Novelist, and Scientist

Every religion on the planet has told us to have FAITH. Faith is when you cannot see how, but you absolutely know that the moment you have the dream it is given to you, and all you have to do is relax and allow the Universe to magnetize you to your dream and your dream to you. (The Secret Daily Teachings)

"The greatest discovery of my generation is that human beings can alter their lives by altering their attitudes of mind" - William James

"One who fears failure limits his activities. Failure is only the opportunity to more intelligently begin again." - Henry Ford

"Patience, persistence and perspiration make an unbeatable combination for success." - Napoleon Hill

You must believe that you have received. You must know that what you want is yours the moment you ask. You must have complete and utter faith. If you had placed an order from a catalogue you would relax, know you are going to receive what you ordered, and get on with your life. (The Secret, page 49)

"If you are not willing to risk the unusual, you will have to settle for the ordinary." Jim Rohn

"We must take change by the hand or rest assuredly, change will take us by the throat." Winston Churchill

"When you get into a tight place and everything goes against you, till it seems as though you could not hold on a minute longer, never give up then, for that is just the place and time that the tide will turn." Harriet Beecher Stowe

"My father instilled in me that if you don't see things happening the way you want them to, you get out there and make them happen." Susan Powter

"The value of achievement lies in the achieving." - Albert Einstein

"One of the greatest things in life is that no one has the authority to tell you what you want to be. You're the one who'll decide what you want to be." Jaime Escalante, 1930-2010, Educator

"You are the only problem you will ever have and you are the only solution." – Bob Proctor

"You must have long term goals to keep you from being frustrated by short term failures." - Charles C. Noble

"The only thing that stands between a man and what he wants from life is often merely the will to try it and the faith to believe that it is possible." - David Viscott

"When you discover your mission, you will feel its demand. It will fill you with enthusiasm and a burning desire to get to work on it." - W. Clement Stone

The reason you have to love You is because it is impossible to feel good if you don’t love You. When you feel bad about yourself, you are blocking all the love and all the good that the Universe has for you. (The Secret, page 120)

"Success means having the courage, the determination, and the will to become the person you believe you were meant to be." - George Sheehan

"You have to find something that you love enough to be able to take risks, jump over the hurdles and break through the brick walls that are always going to be placed in front of you. If you don't have that kind of feeling for what it is you’re doing, you’ll stop at the first giant hurdle." — George Lucas

"I am personally convinced that one person can be a change catalyst, a "transformer" in any situation, any organization. Such an individual is yeast that can leaven an entire loaf. It requires vision, initiative, patience, respect, persistence, courage, and faith to be a transforming leader." - Stephen R. Covey

2011/05/29

[转载] 杨绛:钱钟书是怎样做读书笔记的

出处:钱钟书是怎样做读书笔记的

文/杨绛

许多人说,钱钟书记忆力特强,过目不忘。他本人却并不以为自己有那么“神”。他只是好读书,肯下功夫,不仅读,还做笔记;不仅读一遍两遍,还会读三遍四遍,笔记上不断地添补。所以他读的书虽然很多,也不易遗忘。

他做笔记的习惯是在牛津大学图书馆(Bodleian——他译为饱蠹楼)读书时养成的。因为饱蠹楼的图书向例不外借。到那里去读书,只准携带笔记本和铅笔,书上不准留下任何痕迹,只能边读边记。钟书的《饱蠹楼书记》第一册上写着如下几句:

廿五年(一九三六年)二月起,与绛约间日赴大学图书馆读书,各携笔札,露钞雪纂、聊补三箧之无,铁画银钩,虚说千毫之秃,是为引。

第二册有题辞如下:

心如椰子纳群书,金匮青箱总不如,提要勾玄留指爪,忘筌他日并无鱼。(默存题,季康以狼鸡杂毫笔书于灯下)

这都是用毛笔写的,显然不是在饱蠹楼边读边记,而是经过反刍,然后写成的笔记。

做笔记很费时间。钟书做一遍笔记的时间,约莫是读这本书的一倍。他说,一本书,第二遍再读,总会发现读第一遍时会有很多疏忽。最精彩的句子,要读几遍之后才发现。

钟书读书做笔记成了习惯。但养成这习惯,也因为我们多年来没个安顿的居处,没地方藏书。他爱买书,新书的来源也很多,不过多数的书是从各图书馆借的。他读完并做完笔记,就把借来的书还掉,自己的书往往随手送人了。钟书深谙“书非借不能读也”的道理,有书就赶紧读,读完总做笔记。无数的书在我家流进流出,存留的只是笔记,所以我家没有大量藏书。

钟书的笔记从国外到国内,从上海到北京,从一个宿舍到另一个宿舍,从铁箱、木箱、纸箱,以至麻袋、枕套里出出进进,几经折磨,有部分笔记本已字迹模糊,纸张破损。钟书每天总爱翻阅一两册中文或外文笔记,常把精彩的片段读给我听。我曾想为他补裰破旧笔记,他却阻止了我。他说:“有些都没用了。”哪些没用了呢?对谁都没用了吗?我当时没问,以后也没想到问。

钟书去世后,我找出大量笔记,经反复整理,分出三类。

第一类是外文笔记(外文包括英、法、德、意、西班牙、拉丁文)。除了极小部分是钟书用两个指头在打字机上打的,其余全是手抄。笔记上还记有书目和重要的版本以及原文的页数。他读书也不忽略学术刊物。凡是著名作家有关文学、哲学、政治的重要论文,他读后都做笔记,并记下刊物出版的年、月、日。钟书自从摆脱了读学位的羁束,就肆意读书。英国文学,在他已有些基础。他又循序攻读法国文学,从十五世纪到十九世纪而二十世纪;也同样攻读德国文学、意大利文学的历代重要作品,一部一部细读,并勤勤谨谨地做笔记。这样,他又为自己打下了法、德、意大利的文学基础。以后,他就随遇而读。他的笔记,常前后互相引证参考,所以这些笔记本很难编排。而且我又不懂德文、意大利文和拉丁文。恰逢翻译《围城》的德国汉学家莫宜佳博士(ProfessorDr.MonikaMotsch)来北京。我就请她帮我编排。她看到目录和片断内容,“馋”得下一年暑假借机会又到北京来,帮我编排了全部外文笔记。笔记本共一百七十八册,还有打字稿若干页,全部外文笔记共三万四千多页。

钟书在国内外大学攻读外国文学,在大学教书也教外国文学,“院系调整”后,他也是属于文学研究所外国文学组的。但他多年被派去做别的工作,以后又借调中国古典文学组,始终未能回外文组工作。他原先打算用英文写一部论外国文学的著作,也始终未能如愿。那些外文笔记,对他来说,该是“没用了”。但是对于学习外国文学的人,对于研究钱钟书著作的人,能是没用吗?

第二是中文笔记。他开始把中文的读书笔记和日记混在一起。一九五二年知识分子第一次受“思想改造”时,他风闻学生可检查“老先生”的日记。日记属私人私事,不宜和学术性的笔记混在一起。他用小剪子把日记部分剪掉毁了。这部分笔记支离破碎,而且都散乱了,整理很费功夫。他这些笔记,都附带自己的议论,亦常常前后参考、互相引证。以后的笔记他都亲自记下书目,也偶有少许批语。中文笔记和外文笔记的数量,大致不相上下。

第三类是“日札”———钟书的读书心得。日札想是“思想改造”运动之后开始的。最初的本子上还有涂抹和剪残处。以后他就为日札题上各种名称,如“容安馆日札”、“容安室日札”、“容安斋日札”;署名也多种多样,如“容安馆主”、“容安斋居士”、“槐聚居士”等等;还郑重其事,盖上各式图章。我先还分门别类,后来才明白,这些“馆”、“斋”、“室”等,只是一九五三年“院系调整”后,我家居住的中关园小平房(引用陶渊明《归去来辞》“审容膝之易安”)。以后屡次迁居,在钟书都是“容膝易安”的住所,所以日札的名称一直没改。

日札共二十三册、二千多页,分八百零二则。每一则只有数目,没有篇目。日札基本上是用中文写的,杂有大量外文,有时连着几则都是外文。不论古今中外,从博雅精深的历代经典名著,到通俗的小说院本,以至村谣俚语,他都互相参考引证,融会贯通,而心有所得,但这点“心得”还待写成文章,才能成为他的著作。《管锥编》里,在在都是日札里的心得,经发挥充实而写成的文章。例如:《管锥编.楚辞洪兴祖补注》十八则,共九十五页,而日札里读《楚辞》的笔记一则,只疏疏朗朗记了十六页;《管锥编.周易正义》二十七则,共一百零九页,而日札里读《周易》的笔记,只有一则,不足十二页;《管锥编.毛诗正义》六十则,共一百九十四页,而日札里读《毛诗》的笔记二则,不足十七页。

钟书在《管锥编》的序文中说:“……遂料简其较易理董者,锥指管窥,先成一辑”、“初计此辑尚有《全唐文》等书五种,而多病意懒,不能急就。”读《全唐文》等书的心得,日札里都有。他曾对我说:“我至少还想写一篇《韩愈》、一篇《杜甫》。”这两篇,想是“不易理董者”,再加“多病意懒”,都没有写出来。日札里的心得,没有写成文章的还不少呢。

这大量的中、外文笔记和读书心得,钟书都“没用了”。但是他一生孜孜石乞石乞积聚的知识,对于研究他学问和研究中外文化的人,总该是一份有用的遗产。我应当尽我所能,为有志读书求知者,把钟书留下的笔记和日札妥为保存。

感谢商务印书馆愿将钱钟书的全部手稿扫描印行,保留着手稿原貌,公之于众。我相信公之于众是最妥善的保存。但愿我这办法,“死者如生,生者无愧”。

杨绛敬序二○○一年五月四日

(此文为《钱钟书手稿集》序,主标题为编者所加。《钱钟书手稿集》,商务印书馆出版)

2011/05/28

供需模型的兩個問題

這是基本的「需求供給模型」:

Demand and Supply Curve

以前信以為真的道理,現在慢慢覺得其實很經不起質疑。這個模型假設在一個完全競爭市場中,市場會自動調節任一產品的需求和供給的數量達到一個均衡(Equilibrium),該均衡點的價格即為該產品的最適價格(P),供給量即為該產品的最適數量(Q)。

但這裡有兩個問題:

1. 這裡假設的是一個完全競爭市場。換言之,市場中的每一位參與者,對市場中該產品的價格與數量的波動,掌握了完全的資訊。問題在於,當市場中所有參與者都知道產品的供給和數量以及價格,會在未來某個時刻達到「均衡」,對參與者言,除非是處於非常必要且不能不消費的情形,如果現在就該產品進行消費,即為非理性的行為決策。因為市場參與者知道,該產品在未來某一時刻會達到均衡點,該均衡點的價格會比他現在就消費要低。

在一個完全競爭的市場,所有參與者都掌握了完全的市場資訊時,如果每位市場參與者都是理性決策者,就會出現這樣一個奇怪現象:需求消失了。因為每一位參與者都知道,現在不是這產品的均衡點,因此他可以將需求等到均衡點出現時,再表現出來。問題是,沒有需求又何來供給?當需求和供給都消失了,又哪來的均衡點或最適價格呢?

幸好現實中沒有這個問題。不論任何時刻,需求永遠存在,這正證明了現實中的市場,絕非完全競爭市場,每位市場參與者都是在不完全市場資訊下做行為決策;換言之,市場參與者在有限資訊的情形下,他只能做出他認為對他自己來說,算是比較好的決策。

每位市場參與者都有自己心中的「均衡」,市場客觀的「均衡」成為廠商考慮產品週期的參考依據。廠商必須在產品的價格達到「均衡」以前,推出替換的新產品,而為避免新產品在市場上的價格受變便宜的原產品的衝擊,也必須停止原產品的供給。正因為如此,供需模型中的「均衡」在真實社會中的不完全競爭市場,很可能不存在。

2. 以下圖為例:

Demand and Supply Curve 2

如果當市場參與者在產品(X) 達成均衡(E)前,因環境變化而變得迫切需要(d1)該產品,這時市場的供給(s1)即為在均衡之前。這種由「需要」變成「必要」情形,是可以人為操縱達成者。例如,災民們為逃避天災投宿災區外的旅社,或災後請人修繕房屋,旅社或修理人卻乘機提高價格,使得災民不得不接受這種未經雙方協商過的價格。

當均衡價格應為(P)時,卻因人為操縱而漲到(p1)。這時出現極大的獲利空間,在一個完全競爭市場中,這時會吸引到其他供應者進入該市場,隨著時間發展,市場機制會自動的發展至均衡(d1 → E),並將價格調整回(P)。問題在於,在 d1 → E 其間的產品購買者,係受環境所迫而做的決策,他們的決定即非自主也非自由。換言之,在達成均衡前那些進行購買者,是市場機制運作下的犧牲者。

這樣理解雖過於偏頗,但不能否認者,這種角度看,正好突顯出市場機制的集體性。市場均衡是所有市場參與者的需求和供給的加總,就個人角度來看,如果他的決策是依照市場機制運作後而做出者,那麼他是依附在整體之下做的決定與行為,而這與市場機制推崇的個人自主決定精神則相矛盾。

2011/05/21

勵志短語(二)

“When you have a purpose in life, a vision for what you want to achieve, and know why you want to achieve it, work becomes fun, and the time you spend working seems to just whizz by.” - Clayton J. Moore

“It is your own convictions which compels you; that is, choice compels choice.” - Epictetus

"An ounce of action is worth a ton of theory." - Ralph Waldo Emerson

“It is wise to direct your anger towards problems -- not people; to focus your energies on answers -- not excuses.” - William Arthur Ward

"If you truly want to become a better you, it is imperative that you learn to feel good about yourself." - Joel Osteen

“To believe in yourself and to follow your dreams, to have goals in life and a drive to succeed, and to surround yourself with the things and the people that make you happy - this is success!” - Sasha Azevedo

“If you look at what you have in life, you'll always have more. If you look at what you don't have in life, you'll never have enough.” - Oprah Winfrey

"Your real purpose in life is to develop yourself. To successfully do this you must always be working toward a goal." - Bob Proctor

"You cannot dream yourself into a character; you must hammer and forge yourself one." - Henry David Thoreau

All the art of living lies in a fine mingling of letting go and holding on. - Bob Proctor

“We seem to gain wisdom more readily through our failures than through our successes. We always think of failure as the antithesis of success, but it isn't. Success often lies just the other side of failure.” - Leo F. Buscaglia

We are each creating our lives through our thoughts and feelings, and so you cannot hold yourself responsible for someone else’s happiness because you cannot jump inside someone else and think and feel for them. Focus on your joy, and be an inspiration to everyone around you. (The Secret Daily Teachings)

"You must be the change you wish to see in the world." - Mahatma Gandhi

"Most great people have attained their greatest success just one step beyond their greatest failure." — Napoleon Hill: Author, Think and Grow Rich.

“Don't dwell on what went wrong. Instead, focus on what to do next. Spend your energies on moving forward toward finding the answer.” - Denis Waitley

“You have to find something that you love enough to be able to take risks, jump over the hurdles and break through the brick walls that are always going to be placed in front of you. If you don't have that kind of feeling for what it is you’re doing, you’ll stop at the first giant hurdle.” — George Lucas

“Wealth, like happiness, is never attained when sought after directly. It comes as a by-product of providing a useful service.” - Henry Ford

“There is nothing more dreadful than the habit of doubt. Doubt separates people. It is a poison that disintegrates friendships and breaks up pleasant relations. It is a thorn that irritates and hurts; it is a sword that kills.” – Buddha

Your life right now is a reflection of your past thoughts. That includes all the great things, and all the things you consider not so great. Since you attract to you what you think about most, it is easy to see what your dominant thoughts have been on every subject of your life, because that is what you have experienced. Until now! (The Secret, page 9)

"The best kind of friend is the one you could sit on a porch with, never saying a word, and walk away feeling like that was the best conversation you've had." - unknown

"Decide the outcome and the action step, put reminders of those somewhere your brain trusts you'll see them at the right time, and listen to your brain breathe easier." - David Allen: Author and lecturer on personal and organizational effectiveness

"When you develop yourself to the point where your belief in yourself is so strong that you know you can accomplish anything you put your mind to, your future will be unlimited." — Brian Tracy

"Don't waste your life in doubts and fears: spend yourself on the work before you, well assured that the right performance of this hour's duties will be the best preparation for the hours or ages that follow it." - Ralph Waldo Emerson

Visualization is simply powerfully focused thoughts in pictures, and it causes equally powerful feelings. When you are visualizing, you are emitting that powerful frequency out into the Universe. The LOA will take hold of that signal and return those pictures back to you, just as you saw them in your mind (The Secret, page 81)

2011/05/01

原諒別人就是善待自己

20110501

在公車上看到證嚴法師這句話:

原諒別人,就是善待自己。

心有所感,其實我們真正需要原諒的不是別人,在某些情境下,原諒別人反而會使自己陷於痛苦、不滿的心境情緒裡。

需要原諒的,正是自己。原諒自己,疼惜自己,不要將別人造成自己的痛苦和傷害繼續用來折磨自己。

原諒自己,才能原諒別人。

2011/04/28

勵志短語(一)

整理一下近期收集的勵志短語。

Every word you speak has immense power, because it is a thought in action. There is an invincible power in every word you speak! You are a human being filled with unlimited possibilities, and the words you speak can either build a jail around you where you see only limitations, or they can set you free to live your life without any limits. Change your words and you will change your life! (The Secret Daily Teachings)

“Never, never, never, never give up.” - Winston Churchill

"In order to be free, we must learn how to let go. Release the hurt. Release the fear. Refuse to entertain your old pain. The energy it takes to hang onto the past is holding you back from a new life." - Mary Manin Morrissey

"When we take control of our mental state by deliberately choosing our thoughts and attitudes, we can alter the meaning we associate to the experiences we have and results we see in our life." - Clayton J. Moore Author

"Learn to become still. And to take your attention away from what you don't want, and all the emotional charge around it, and place your attention on what you wish to experience" - Michael Beckwith

"Don't concern yourself too much with how you are going to achieve your goal - leave that completely to a power greater than yourself. All you have to do is know where you're going. The answers will come to you of their own accord, and at the right time." - Earl Nightingale - 1921-1989, Syndicated Radio Announcer and Author

“If you think about disaster, you will get it. Brood about death and you hasten your demise. Think positively and masterfully, with confidence and faith, and life becomes more secure, more fraught with action, richer in achievement and experience.” - Swami Vivekananda

What you are thinking now is creating your future… Because you are always thinking, you are always creating. What you think about the most or focus on the most, is what will appear as your life. Like all the laws of nature, there is utter perfection in this law… Whatever you sow, you reap! Your thoughts are seeds, and the harvest you reap will depend on the seeds you plant. (The Secret, page 17)

"The ability to simplify means to eliminate the unnecessary so that the necessary may speak." - Eric Hoffer

“Focus more on your desire than on your doubt, and the dream will take care of itself. You may be surprised at how easily this happens. Your doubts are not as powerful as your desires, unless you make them so.” - Marcia Wieder

"Before a person can achieve the kind of life he wants, he must think, act, walk, talk and conduct himself in all of his affairs as would the person he wishes to become." - Zig Ziglar

"A happy life is just a string of happy moments.But most people don't allow the happy moment, because they're so busy trying to get a happy life." - Abraham-Hicks

“Motivation is what gets you started. Habit is what keeps you going.” - Jim Rohn

"You don't HAVE to be GREAT to get STARTED, but you've GOT to get STARTED to be GREAT!" ~ Les Brown

"In everyone's life, at some time, our inner fire goes out. It is then burst into flame by an encounter with another human being. We should all be thankful for those people who rekindle the inner spirit." - Albert Schweitzer

"Often we allow ourselves to be upset by small things we should despise and forget. We lose many irreplaceable hours brooding over grievances that, in a year's time, will be forgotten by us and by everybody. No, let us devote our life to worthwhile actions and feelings, to great thoughts, real affections and enduring undertakings." Andre Maurois 1885-1967, Writer

"Man is fond of counting his troubles, but he does not count his joys. If he counted them up as he ought to, he would see that every lot has enough happiness provided for it." - Fyodor Dostoevsky, 1821-1881, Writer

“Thinking will not overcome fear but action will.” - W. Clement Stone

The potential to attract money and create abundant wealth doesn't reside in your job, your circumstances, or even the economy. It resides within YOU.

"What lies behind us and what lies before us are small matters to what lies within us." - Ralph Waldo Emerson

"Create a definite plan for carrying out your desire, and begin at once, whether you're ready or not, to put it into action." - Napoleon Hill

"Do not fear - only believe. All things are possible to him that believes." - Jesus Christ.

“The value of achievement lies in the achieving.” - Albert Einstein

“When you have a purpose in life, a vision for what you want to achieve, and know why you want to achieve it, work becomes fun, and the time you spend working seems to just whizz by.”
- Clayton J. Moore

2011/04/24

認罪

凡人離至善、至美的境界,都有差距。

基督教認為這個差距,就是「罪」。

認罪,就是承認自己有不足,面對自己的缺陷,並願意往至善、至美境界努力。

2011/04/23

什麼叫「根本不合理」?

中國時報這篇新聞《「宣告死刑還鞭屍」 民股:很傷心》:

國光石化民股主管表示,國光石化案即使有條件通過,環評委員開出不准排碳、不准用大度攔河堰水源等條件,已宣告國光石化死刑;

通常在一個對立激烈的談判協商過程,在獲致結論使用的文字特別斟酌再三,必須跳脫使用文字本身的意義,而以「文本」(text)角度切進去,瞭解其真正的意涵。

以這段新聞引用的文字而言,當出現「不准排碳」這幾個文字時,放置在石化產業營運架構下來理解,正如下一段所言:

環評委員開出的附帶條件,十分嚴苛,根本就是要廠商無法生存;比方說,不准排碳,就很難解決,「人活著都要呼吸,都要『排氣』,其中就含二氧化碳,但是工廠運作就被要求零排碳,根本不合理。」

問題不在於「合理」或「不合理」,而是可以看出幾個問題:

1. 環評委員不願意或不同意通過該案。

2. 環評委員「不敢」得罪國光石化。

3. 對這條件,國光石化「可以接受」。

由此又衍生出二個現象:

1. 環評委員之所以「不敢」得罪國光石化,因為按其組織章程,環評委員本來就僅具「諮詢」性質,並非「獨立」、「客觀」、「公正」的單位。

2. 國光石化之所以「可以接受」,不客觀的講,就是台灣企業「管他違不違法,先做再說,有問題再找人解決」的心態。這種心態,好聽的叫「敢衝」、「有活力」,企管專家們美其名叫「彈性」、「適應力」、「執行力」。但究其實,只是為了自己賺錢,就可目無法紀的胡作非為。

2011/04/15

梁啟超的讀書方法

梁啟超在〈治國學雜話〉一篇文章中,對青年人的讀書態度和方法提出建議,整理如下:

中國書沒有整理過,十分難讀,這是人人公認的。但會做學問的人,覺得趣味就在這一點。吃現成,是最沒有意思的事,是最沒有出息的人才喜歡的。一種問題,被別人做完了,四平八正的編成教科書樣子給我讀,讀去自然是毫不費力。但從這不費力上頭結果便令我的心思不細緻不刻入。專門喜歡讀這類書的人,久而久之,會把自己創作的才能淹沒哩。

若問讀書方法,我想向諸君上一個條陳:這方法是極陳舊極笨極麻煩的,然而實在是極必要的。什麼方法呢?是抄錄或筆記。

好記性的人不見得便有智慧;有智慧的人比較的倒是記性不甚好。你所看見者是他發表出來的成果,不知他這成果原是從銖積寸累困之勉行得來的。大抵凡一個大學者平日用功,總是有無數小冊子或單紙片,讀書看見一段資料覺其有用者,即刻抄下。(短的抄全文,長的摘要記書名卷數頁數)。資料漸漸積的豐富,再用眼光來整理分析他,變成一篇名著。

青年學生"斐然有述做之譽",也是實際上鞭策學問的一種妙用。譬如同是讀《文獻通考》的《錢幣考》、各史《食貨志》中錢幣項下各文,泛泛讀去,沒有什麼所得。倘若你一面讀一面便打主意做一篇中國貨幣沿革考,這篇考做得好不好另一問題,你所讀的自然加幾倍受用。

每日所讀之書,最好分兩類:一類是精讀的,一類是涉覽的。因為我們一面要養成讀書心細的習慣,一面要養成讀書眼快的習慣。心不細則毫無所得,等於白讀;眼不快則時候不夠用,不能博搜資料。精讀之書,每日指定某時刻讀他,讀時一字不放過,讀完一部才讀別部,想抄錄的隨讀隨抄。另外指出一時刻,隨意涉覽,覺得有趣,注意細看,覺得無趣,便翻次頁,遇有想抄錄的,也俟讀完再抄,當時勿窒其機。